Neuroinflammation: The hidden code through the Brain

• Maryam Latif

  Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

  Author

• Sadia Noreen

  Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

  Author

  https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0487-3167

• Hooriya Fatima

  Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

  Author

  https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7414-2098

• Husna Ahmad

  Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

  Author

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4160-5148

• Nadeem Sheikh

  Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

  Author

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-9538

Neuroinflammation is a response reaction of the Central Nervous System (CNS) when triggered by a specific external stimulus. It is a positive and natural process of the body defending the vitals from infections. Excessive neuroinflammation leads to multiple pathological conditions, such as the common Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Neuroinflammation is triggered by Microglial and Astrocyte pathways of inflammation with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) changes, which could result in neuroinvasion, if it goes beyond the limit. Polarization responses influence the changes during neuroinflammation, and inflammatory mediator release disrupts the working of BBB in relation to astrocytes. Neuroinflammation is also triggered by aging when morphological changes in blood capillaries of the BBB arises. This review aims to encapsulate the key changes of microglial as well as astrocyte activation during neuroinflammation that may lead to aging related disease such as AD and PD with an intersection of Age-associated vasculopathy, suggesting the relation between BBB and aging.

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